Which of these examples describes a pioneer species that is starting primary succession? a-ferns growing at the base of trees in a forest after a fire b-grass growing on a newly formed dune c-primroses growing in a new garden

b-grass growing on a newly formed dune

Explanation:

Primary succession occurs starts on the regions where life have never existed before. Among the given options, the newly formed dunes represent the regions that were lifeless and no species occupied them earlier.  

Hence, the grasses growing on the newly formed dunes represent the pioneer species. Pioneer species are the first species that occupy a region and starts the process of succession.  

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