The importance of formal planning in organizations has grown dramatically. Companies have found that they can achieve competitive advantage through the formal six-step strategic planning process. Answer questions about how Ron Shaich and Panera Bread use this strategic process. Planning is not an informal or haphazard response to a crisis; it is a purposeful effort that is directed and controlled by managers and often draws on the knowledge and experience of employees throughout the organization. Because planning is an important management function, managers at all three levels use it. To be fully effective, the organization's strategic, tactical, and operational goals and plans must be aligned. The strategic management process has six major components, beginning with the establishment of the mission, vision, and goals of the company and ending with strategic control. The narrator describes how someone creates the mission while someone else identifies the steps that make the mission happen. The steps are known as what?
a. Top of Form
b. strategic vision
c. strategy stepping
d. strategic mapping
e. strategic controls
f. strategy implementation