Why does a perfectly competitive market require many participants as both buyers and sellers?

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

Serious question, which is preferred in a business? pp or poopoo?

Tl & co. is following a related-linked diversification strategy, and soar inc. is following a related-constrained diversification strategy. how do the two firms differ from each other? a. soar inc. generates 70 percent of its revenues from its primary business, while tl & co. generates only 10 percent of its revenues from its primary business. b. soar inc. pursues a backward diversification strategy, while tl & co. pursues a forward diversification strategy. c. tl & co. will share fewer common competencies and resources between its various businesses when compared to soar inc. d. tl & co. pursues a differentiation strategy, and soar inc. pursues a cost-leadership strategy, to gain a competitive advantage.