A company has bonds outstanding with a par value of $180,000. The unamortized premium on these bonds is $4,860. If the company retired these bonds at a call price of $174,600, the gain or loss on this retirement is:

Four key marketing decision variables are price (p), advertising (a), transportation (t), and product quality (q). consumer demand (d) is influenced by these variables. the simplest model for describing demand in terms of these variables is: d = k – pp + aa + tt + qq where k, p, a, t, and q are constants. discuss the assumptions of this model. specifically, how does each variable affect demand? how do the variables influence each other? what limitations might this model have? how can it be improved?