In a bss with no ap (ad hoc network), we have five stations: a, b, c, d, and e. station a needs to send a message to station b. answer the following questions for the situation where the network is using the dcf protocol:
a. what are the values of the to ds and from ds bits in the frames exchanged?
b. which station sends the rts frame and what is (are) the value(s) of the address field(s) in this frame?
c. which station sends the cts frame and what is (are) the value(s) of the address field(s) in this frame?
d. which station sends the data frame and what is (are) the value(s) of the address field(s) in this frame?
e. which station sends the ack frame and what is (are) the value(s) of the address field(s) in this frame?

answer: internal fragmentation is the difference between the (fixed) size of a memory hole and the data within in that memory. for example, if a 1,024 byte block of memory holds 800 bytes of data, then the 224 bytes difference is considered lost to internal fragmentation.

external fragmentation occurs when the sum of memory fragments is large enough to satisfy a request, but the holes are non-contiguous and the request cannot be satisfied. this can occur when memory is dynamically allocated and freed.

explanation:

a macro is a tool that allows you to automate tasks and add functionality to your forms, reports, and controls. for example, if you add a command button to a form, you associate the button's onclick event to a macro, and the macro contains the commands that you want the button to perform each time it is clicked.

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