It was stated that inclusion of the salt the unix password scheme increases the difficulty of guessing by a factor of 4096. let's use a case to explain why it is asserted that the salt increases security although the salt is stored in plaintext in the same entry as the corresponding ciphertext password. let's assume that the adversary has obtained a password file containing 4000 entries, each using a unique 12-bit salt. in order to crack all the 4000 hashed passwords in the password file on a unix system, how many times does the hash routine, i. e., crypt(3), need to run in the worst case? if the salt is not used, how many times does the hash routine, i. e., crypt(3), need to run in the worst case in order to crack all the 4000 hashed passwords? if 24-bit salt is used for this case, does the hash routine need to run more times in the worst case to crack all the 4000 hashed passwords? if so, how many more?

we can all learn from our past mistakes because we all have different ways of learning different types of techniques. my way may or may not another classmate remember and have the repetition to acknowledge such standard. such as remembering acronyms. using abbreviations to us remember keep things in order in our memory. this us figure out what comes next in the sequence. if so, what we have is a sentence of just letters all in caps. we either know the meaning or have no idea what it stands for. most of the time we know the meaning and context. but most of us who don't know, should learn by having a quick glance at what needs to be remembered. such as repetition in the memory for acronyms. one way that me, is the fact that i'm always doing math and english assignments. so we have to remember specific meanings such as soapstone for documents, such as citing correctly. or pemdas for doing the equations correctly, even if it's the super long way. this works for everyone. you just have to find what works for you by practicing and repetition daily.