Suppose you have to implement an operating system on hardware that supports interrupts and exceptions but does not have an explicit trap (syscall) instruction. can you devise a satisfactory substitute for traps using interrupts and/or exceptions? if so, explain how. if not, explain why. (in this context, the trap instruction is the instruction used by a user-level process to invoke a system call in the operating system, i. e., the trap instruction is the system call instruction

Anew author is in the process of negotiating a contract for a new romance novel. the publisher is offering three options. in the first option, the author is paid $5,000 upon delivery of the final manuscript and $20,000 when the novel is published. in the second option, the author is paid 12.5% of the net price of the novel for each copy of the novel sold. in the third option, the author is paid 10% of the net price for the first 4,000 copies sold, and 14% of the net price for the copies sold over 4,000. the author has some idea about the number of copies that will be sold and would like to have an estimate of the royal- ties generated under each option. write a program that prompts the author to enter the net price of each copy of the novel and the estimated number of copies that will be sold. the program then outputs he royalties under each option and the best option the author could choose. (use appropriate named constants to store the special values such as royalty rates and fixed royalties.