Suppose you have a machine with separate I- and D- caches. The miss rate on the I-cache is 1.6%, and on the D-cache 5.4%. On an I-cache hit, the value can be read in the same cycle the data is requested. On a D-cache hit, one additional cycle is required to read the value. The miss penalty is 110 cycles for data cache, 120 for I-cache. 25% of the instructions on this RISC machine are LW or SW instructions, the only instructions that access data memory. A cycle is 1ns. What is the average memory access time

Solution: the categorization of functional and non-functional requirement are as follows: some of the more typical functional requirements include: • business rules• transaction corrections, adjustments and cancellations• administrative functions• authentication• authorization levels• audit tracking• external interfaces• certification requirements• reporting requirements• historical data• legal or regulatory requirementswhile,some typical non-functional requirements are: • performance – for example response time, throughput, utilization, static volumetric• scalability• capacity• availability• reliability• recoverability• maintainability• serviceability• security• regulatory• manageability• environmental• data integrity• usability• interoperability

Database uses the approach of programming while both the data and the processing instructions are stored in the database.