1. One of the key themes behind the idea of environmental racism is the idea of what Rob Nixon calls "slow violence" because the individual and public health effects of environmental damage are temporally dispersed , the violence of environmental racism is not immediately felt by victims, and instead extends over months , years , decades, and includes impacts generations. Environmental damages have slow-moving effects that complicate our typical legal and ethical understandings of responsibility , which focus on direct and immediate effects caused by an intentionally - taken action. Drawing on examples from Mittman's 2017 article on Canvas, explain how open- air nuclear testing at Maralinga is an example of the " slow violence " of environmental racisrn against Aboriginal peoples .