Spanish colonies in the americas were affected by all of the following except a) confusion of authority in french-conqured spain b) revolutionary ideas, including aspirations for independence c) the lack of any attempts at revolt or self-government d) the example of haitian revolution

D, the example of Haitian Revolution

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful