How did the Mongol empire build upon or transform the societies and relationships that prevailed before the Mongol movement? In what ways did Mongol rule stimulate the changes that emerged following the Mongol movement?

The Mongol Empire resembled other empires in that it relied on the military

capabilities of pastoral peoples; brought together numerous pastoral clans under a

single leader’ and relied on the extraction of resources from settled societies to

hold its confederation together.

• Intense factionalism among the Mongols, rapidly rising prices, furious epidemics

of the plague, and growing peasant revolts forced the Mongols out of China by

1368, less than a century after they had finally conquered the Chinese.

n the Islamic world, the Mongol conquest of Persia resulted in the conversion of

large numbers of Mongols to the Muslim faith. While Mongol domination of

Persia did damage Persian agriculture, the Mongols had less of an impact on

Persian government, as Mongol rulers made extensive use of the sophisticated

Persian bureaucracy. Ultimately, a number of Mongols turned to farming, married

local people, and were assimilated into Persian society.

• The Mongols conquered but did not occupy Russia. Instead, Russian princes

received appointment from the khan in return for spending substantial tribute. The

impact of the conquest was uneven, but in general the absence of direct Mongol

rule meant that the Mongols were far less influenced by or assimilated within

Russian cultures that their counterparts in China and Persia had been. Russians,

on the other had, were profoundly affected by Mongol domination. Russian prices

found it useful to adopt the Mongols’ weapons, diplomatic rituals, court practices,

taxation system, and military draft.

• The Mongols united a divided china. However, in terms of governing techniques

and the position of the emperor, the Mongols adopted many preexisting Chinese

systems and ideas.

• Europe was stimulated by a flow of ideas and technologies through Mongolfacilitated networks of exchange, by the opportunity for Europeans to travel the

length of the Mongol Empire (expanding the mental horizon of Europe), and by

the collapse of the Mongol Empire (which provided an incentive for Europeans to

take the sea in their continuing efforts to reach the riches of Asia). Europe was

also affected adversely by the spread of the Black Death along these same

networks of exchange.

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