The father of modern political science is considered to be

Machiavelli is considered to be the father of modern political science. The prince was his  first book on political philosophy. It was written by Machiavelli. The prince was not the only book about politics. Discourse on Pisa and A Discourse about the provision of Money were other books about politics. Most of the works of western philosophy came from churches and were mostly religious work while Machiavelli talks about the government and the socio-economics jut like the Romans and Greek did.

abraham lincoln was the president of usa and he had asked the audience to make a pledge on equality.

his pledge was:

“it is my earnest desire to know the will of the providence.”

lincoln also had hatred for people who condoned and practiced slavery and so he pledged:

""and if i can learnt what it is i can do it"" this is another pledge by abraham to reassure the congregation on how to deal with the providence will.

explanation:

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the answer is a) high entry costs