25 points

select all that apply.

the stamp act:

was passed by parliament in 1776
caused the boston massacre
was the first direct tax levied by england on the colonists
sparked protest in the colonies

The correct answers are The Stamp Act was the first direct tax levied by England on the colonists and it sparked protest in the colonies. The Stamp Act was an act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The purpose of this act was to raise money to pay for the debt of the French and Indian War and to defend the colonies. This measure constituted the first direct tax imposed on the colonies. Consequently, the American colonies reacted to this measure invocating the principle of ‘no taxation without representation’ as they believed that the mother country could not tax them without their own consent. This measure’s effect was popular resentment among the colonists, who began to protest against the measures taken by Britain. In fact, the Stamp Act Congress was held that same year to demand the repeal of the Stamp Act. Eventually, Britain repealed the Stamp Act in 1766.

may i ask which amendments?

the mandate of heaven or tian ming (chinese: 天命; pinyin: tiānmìng; wade–giles: t'ien-ming) is a chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the king or emperor of china. according to this belief, heaven (天, tian)—which embodies the natural order and will of the universe—bestows the mandate on a just ruler of china, the "son of heaven" of the "celestial empire". if a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy, and had lost the mandate. it was also a common belief among citizens that natural disasters such as famine and flood were signs of heaven's displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts following major disasters as citizens saw these as signs that the mandate of heaven had been withdrawn.[1]

a brief flow chart describing the dynastic cycles in imperial china on claiming to withdrawing the mandate of heaven

the mandate of heaven does not require a legitimate ruler to be of noble birth, depending instead on the just and able performance of the rulers and their heirs. dynasties such as the han and ming dynasties were founded by men of common origins. the concept is in some ways similar to the european concept of the divine right of kings; however, unlike the european concept, it does not in theory confer an unconditional right to rule, despite this being exactly the case in practicality. the mandate would in theory be a preoccupation in a ruler's lifetime, when he would hold onto the mandate and live according to heavens. intrinsic to the concept of the mandate of heaven was the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler. chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that heaven had withdrawn its mandate from the ruler. throughout chinese history, times of poverty and natural disasters were often taken as signs that heaven considered the incumbent ruler unjust and thus in need of replacement. the mandate of heaven was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in china as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler. while each dynasty was not the same, they each had a lineage that passed on the prospective ruler by order of generational descent or their priority of birth. many emperors during the imperial times would optimize to have many sons who could be candidates to fill the position after the current ruler has died. in addition heaven was thought to be of how a ruler's works and performance was, which reflected upon how favorable they would be to heaven.