When did powerful nation-states (spain, portugal, france, england) emerge in europe that would shift important trade routes to the atlantic? during the time of the crusades during the late middle ages during the reformation immediately after the fall of the roman empire

During the late Middle Ages

Explanation:

The Late Middle Ages is the last period of the Middle Ages and includes the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries - although some historians place its beginning in the eleventh century denying the existence of the period of the Middle Ages (11th to 13th centuries). It was marked by the crisis unleashed by the impact of the Black Death that began in 1348 and reduced the European population to less than half.

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