Dr. Pagels is a mammalogist who studies meadow and common voles. He frequently traps the moles and has noticed what appears to be a preference for a peanut butter-oatmeal mixture by the meadow voles vs apple slices are usually used in traps, where the common voles seem to prefer the apple slices. So he conducted a study where he used a peanut butter-oatmeal mixture in half the traps and the normal apple slices in his remaining traps to see if there was a food preference between the two different voles. Indicate which of the following is the null hypothesis, and which is the alternate hypothesis.
There food preferences among vole species are independent of one another.
There is a relationship between voles and food preference.
To test for independence, we need to calculate the Chi-square statistic.
These are the data that Dr. Pagels collected:
meadow voles common voles
apple slices 26 32
peanut butter-oatmeal 35 25
When transferring your answers, make sure you carry them out to AT LEAST SIX SIGNIFICANT FIGURES unless otherwise stated.
= expected meadow vole/apple slices
= expected common vole/apple slices
= expected meadow vole/peanut butter-oatmeal
= expected common vole/peanut butter-oatmeal
= chi-square value
= degrees of freedom (whole number only)
= using Statistical Table A (pg 704 of your textbook), what is the chi-square critical value with significance level of alpha=0.05?
= will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? (answer either reject or fail to reject)

Null hypothesis = H₀ = There food preferences among vole species are independent of one another.

Alternate hypothesis = H₁ = There is a relationship between voles and food preference.

Expected meadow vole/apple slices = 29.983051

Expected common vole/apple slices = 28.016949

Expected meadow vole/peanut butter-oatmeal = 31.016949

Expected common vole/peanut butter-oatmeal = 28.983051

Chi-square value = χ² = 2.154239

Degree of freedom = 1

Critical value = 3.841

χ² < Critical value

We failed to reject H₀

We do not have significant evidence at the given significance level to show that there is a relationship between voles and food preference.

Step-by-step explanation:

He frequently traps the moles and has noticed what appears to be a preference for a peanut butter-oatmeal mixture by the meadow voles vs apple slices are usually used in traps, where the common voles seem to prefer the apple slices.

So he conducted a study where he used a peanut butter-oatmeal mixture in half the traps and the normal apple slices in his remaining traps to see if there was a food preference between the two different voles.

Null hypothesis = H₀ = There food preferences among vole species are independent of one another.

Alternate hypothesis = H₁ = There is a relationship between voles and food preference.

Data collected by Dr. Pagels:

                                              meadow voles     common voles      Row Total

apple slices                                     26                          32                      58

peanut butter-oatmeal                   35                          25                     60

Column Total                                   61                          57                     118

Where 118 is the grand total.

The expected number is given by

Expected = (row total)×(column total)/grand total

Expected meadow vole/apple slices = 58×61/118

Expected meadow vole/apple slices = 29.983051

Expected common vole/apple slices = 58×57/118

Expected common vole/apple slices = 28.016949

Expected meadow vole/peanut butter-oatmeal = 60×61/118

Expected meadow vole/peanut butter-oatmeal = 31.016949

Expected common vole/peanut butter-oatmeal = 60×57/118

Expected common vole/peanut butter-oatmeal = 28.983051

The chi-square statistic value is given by

χ² = Σ(Observed - Expected)²/Expected

χ² = (26 - 29.983051)²/29.983051 + (32 - 28.016949)²/28.016949 + (35 - 31.016949)²/31.016949 + (25 - 28.983051)²/28.983051

χ² = 2.154239

The degrees of freedom is given by

DoF = (row - 1)×(col - 1)

For the given case, we have 2 rows and 2 columns

DoF = (2 - 1)×(2 - 1)

DoF = 1

The given level of significance = 0.05

The critical value from the chi-square table at α = 0.05 and DoF = 1 is found to be

Critical value = 3.841

Conclusion:

Reject H₀ If χ² > Critical value

We reject the Null hypothesis If the calculated chi-square value is more than the critical value.

For the given case,

χ² < Critical value

We failed to reject H₀

We do not have significant evidence at the given significance level to show that there is a relationship between voles and food preference.

whats the

probability for j is 1/4

while

a is 1/6