How do you subtract an integer from another integer without using a number line or a counter

How can you find the conditional probability of a given b as the fraction of b’s outcomes that also belong to a, and interpret the answer in terms of the model? i just need a good explanation

The scale for a map is 20 miles = 1/2 inch. the distance between two towns on the map is 3 3/4 inches. what is the actual distance between these towns? 150 miles 38 miles 75 miles 135 miles

If t8 = 4 and t12 = −2, find the first three terms of the arithmetic sequence.