List 3 different ways scientists collect evidence to gain information on past climates

What properties of a moving object are used in determining the object's energy of motion

Considering only the earth's rotation, determine how much later the asteroid would have had to arrive to put the explosion above helsinki at longitude 25˚ e? this would have obliterated the city.

Consider two less-than-desirable options. in the first you are driving 30 mph and crash head-on into an identical car also going 30 mph. in the second option you are driving 30 mph and crash head-on into a stationary brick wall. in neither case does your car bounce off the thing it hits, and the collision time is the same in both cases. which of these two situations would result in the greatest impact force?