Two electrons in adjacent atomic shells are separated by a distance of 6.64 ✕ 10−11 m. (a) What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force between the electrons? N (b) What is the ratio of the electrostatic force to the gravitational force between the electrons? FE FG =

The ratio of the electrostatic force to the gravitational force between the electrons is 4.181 x 10⁴²

Explanation:

Given;

charge of electron, Q = 1.602 x 10⁻¹⁹ C

mass of an electron, m = 9.1 x 10⁻³¹ kg

distance between the two electrons, r = 6.64 x 10⁻¹¹ m

The electrostatic force between the electrons is calculated using Coulomb's law;

The gravitaional force between the electrons is calculated as;

The ratio of the electrostatic force to the gravitational force between the electrons;

force tends to be low and long diustance masses are high

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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