the velocities with which stars and gas clouds orbit the center of our galaxy is measured by observing their:

hypothesising or postulating

energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical means. do not understand what you are asking but hope this

the aurora is formed when charged particles emitted from the sun during a solar flare penetrate the earth's magnetic shield and collide with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere. these collisions result in countless little bursts of light, called photons, which make up the aurora.

auroras are generated by charged solar particles hitting molecules in earth's atmosphere. this usually happens in high latitudes, because our planet’s magnetic field tends to funnel these particles toward the poles. that’s why it can be experienced in northern ohio.