Compare the surface area-to-volume ratios of the earth and venus.

Venus has a larger surface area to volume ratio than Earth. The actual ratios are 0.000495704 for Venus and 0.000470884 for Earth. This is an example of the cube/square law. As an object increases in size, it's volume increases as a function of the cube of the radius while the surface area increases as a function of the square of the radius. Take a look at the formula for the volume of a sphere and then the formula for the surface area of a sphere. volume = (4/3)pi * r^3 area = 4*pi*r^2 So let's apply these formulas to Earth and Venus Radius Earth = 6371 km Radius Venus = 6,052 km Right off the bat without doing any calculations, Venus will have a higher surface area to volume ratio than Earth. Let's confirm that. Earth volume = (4/3)pi * r^3 = (4/3)pi * (6371 km)^3 = 1.08321x10^12 km^3 Venus volume =(4/3)pi * r^3 = (4/3)pi * (6052 km)^3 = 9.28507x10^11 km^3 Earth surface = 4*pi*r^2 = 4*pi*(6371 km)^2 = 510064471.9 km^2 Venus surface = 4*pi*r^2 = 4*pi*(6052 km)^2 = 460264736.8 km^2 Earth surface area/volume ratio = 510064471.9 / 1.08321x10^12 = 0.000470884 Venus surface area/volume ratio = 460264736.8 / 9.28507x10^11 = 0.000495704

Answer (d) the universe had cooled enough for atoms to combine, protons and neutrons were too far apart to form nuclei;