Describe the two ideal types of societies based on the structure of social relationships and the degree of shared values among societal members that german sociologist ferdinand tonnies distinguished.

The German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies described two types of ideal societies: “Gemeinschaft” and “Gesellschaft.”  

(It is important to note that “ideal” does not mean a perfect or desirable society. In this context, “ideal” means a perfect description of an abstract concept, that is rarely so clearly defined in real life).

Gemeinschaft (commonly translated as “community”) : The term refers to personal interactions and relationships that people have based on a feeling of togetherness. They derive from shared values and beliefs, and are meant to fulfill the basic needs of humans. We build them because we are looking for company, understanding, etc. and not because we have a particular objective in mind.

Example: Friends and family are good examples of this kind of community.

Gesellschaft (commonly translated as “society”) : This type of society is held together by a common goal. All the members have an objective and they interact only to the extent to which the interaction helps them to fulfill their goals. It is an instrumental relationship.

Example: The employees of a company.

The concepts were very influential and were widely discussed by other sociologists such as Émile Durkheim and Max Weber.

fir trees are found in areas with cooler climates. fir trees have needles for leaves and remain green year-round.

i would say b. research typically uses a variety of sources