All of the following are reasons why sociologists view gender as a social construction rather than a biological given except: cross-cultural studies show us that there is enormous variation in how people "do gender" our understandings of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be a man or woman have changed throughout history societies in various historical periods have made sense of the "plumbing" in very different ways contemporary studies show us that men and women have different personality structures, the innate by-product of existing social structural relations.