Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is
shaping
extinction
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement

shaping

Explanation:

In most cases of operant conditioning, the desired behavior is too complex to emit without first being modeled by the environment. "Shaping" is the procedure in which the experimenter or environment first rewards rough approximations of behavior, then finer approaches, and finally the desired behavior itself.

When the environment or experimenter decides to reward successive approaches toward target behavior, what is happening is the modeling process, so the correct answer to this question is "shaping."

swahili is an extremely rich and complex civilization, a set of ethnic groups articulated by a language and a series of cultural elements that fuse the african traditions, islam and indian culture. this growth was largely a result of the indian ocean trading network that brought in not just man-made riches, but also religious ideas, specifically islam, which had a significant impact on the local culture. furthermore, the development of the swahili language gave a common cultural unity to the people.

chavez's example shows that nonviolent protest can work well. it shows that one nonviolent man can stop a mob, which proves chavez's point and persuades people to protest nonviolently.