Achapter 13 plan can be initiated only by the filing of an involuntary petition.
a. true
b. false

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

i want to say death; parole, probation, and fines are still being used all the time.