20. magali and jean-gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. they decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. what is the most serious flaw of this design?

Explanation:

According to my research on on the scientific method, I can say that based on the information provided within the question the main flaw in this design is that the researchers did not define what happiness is exactly and how they will measure the levels of happiness of how much happiness is achieved. Without doing this they cannot validate the results of the study in numerical values.

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this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.