Tyron is excited by the "path not taken." exploring the unknown and trying to accomplish what others have never done before excites him in spite of the possibility of failure. this demonstrates that charismatic leaders such as tyron great leaders, particularly those in public life, are great actors. they are in significant, positive ways is a major contributor to their charisma.

Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?