Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. this provides evidence for the role of in operant behavior.
a. spontaneous recovery
b. primary reinforcers
c. cognitive processes
d. negative reinforcers

Cognitive process in ope-rant conditioning

Explanation:

The cognitive process is the process related to the mental process in which a person involved in the process of gaining knowledge and comprehend the knowledge. In this process many processes are involved such as remembering, knowing, judging and problem-solving.

It encompasses the knowledge and it is higher-level processing in which imagination, language, planning, and perception are involved. Many of the psychologists think that people acquire knowledge through observation and perception.

In this process when a person sees any object, hear any voice will transform that information into signals and that person's brain can take that cue and can act upon that cue. Thus in above statement cognitive process play a role in ope-rant behavior

i have to go with a for this one

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)