Aresearcher finds that those who have children at a young age are significantly more likely to have lower levels of education as a result of early childbearing. this would be an example of

A correlation

Explanation: This means there is a connection between two variables which can be either positive or negative.

Positive correlation occurs when two variables tends to increase at the same time, which means when one variable increases the other one also increases at the same time. Negative correlation occurs when one variable increases and the other one decreases all at the same time.

In this case having children at young age shows to have a connection with lower levels of education. Correlation though doesn't mean causation , which means it shows a connection but it doesn't mean the other variable causes the shift of the other variable.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.