Hello, i need help with this one pls. dont make it a super long answer just 3 short sentences pls. TY!!

What was included in most state constitutions that guaranteed protection of individual liberties based upon common law?

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Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?