Tommy is 12 years old. He lives with his grandmother because his father is incarcerated and his mother passed away from a drug overdose. Tommy is starting to defy his grandmother's orders. He is skipping school and hanging out with an older group of teenagers in his neighborhood. Tommy lives with his grandmother in poverty. Tommy is potentially having a difficult time in school because he is being judged by , which are the standards by which his teachers are evaluating his performance in school.

In writing about her findings in a brazilian shantytown, nancy scheper-hughes’s account of alto do cruzeiro provides a window into the terrible toll of nonconsensual organ harvesting among the poor, as well as how she herself changed over time. how might an anthropologist justify the publication of this ethnographic research when considering the problem of ethnographic authority? a. all of the poor must be given an equal voice, thus polyvocality is justification. b. anthropologists are themselves changed in fieldwork, and so honest reflexivity is justification. c. the horrific conditions made it impossible to ignore, and since she obtained informed consent, this is justification. d. authoritative writing asks us to consider what right we have to report, thus a moral challenge is justification.