A classmate tells you that a statement heard on the news about an environmental process noted in a local ecosystem cannot be true because it has not been scientifically proven. Given what you know about the nature of scientific reasoning, you realize that

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

The eighth amendment of the bill of rights states that no excessive fines or bail, or cruel and unusual punishment will be inflicted