8. Choose the best answer. A(n) ___ is one who is qualified to vote; especially, one who is able to cast a vote for President in the electoral college.
A) collaborator
B) elector
C) supporter
D) emancipator
E) voter

9. Choose the best answer.
The powers not given to the United States are reserved to the ___ or to the people.
A) presidents
B) states
C) charters
D) governors
E) politicians

10. Choose the best answer.
The number of votes a state receives in the House of Representatives is based upon its ___.
A) representation in the Senate
B) slaves
C) tariffs
D) charters
E) population

11. Choose the best answer.
A) The definition of usurp is ___.
B) to reduce the authority of another
C) to increase the authority of another
D) to take wrongfully or forcefully the authority or property of another
E) to ignore the authority of another
F) to give away all authority

12. Choose the best answer.
A) The members of the House of Representatives are ___.
B) elected by the Supreme Court
C) appointed by the President
D) elected directly by the people of the states
E) appointed by state legislatures
F) appointed by elections at a convention

13. Choose the best answer.
Treason is defined as ___.
A) assassination of a government official
B) levying war against the government
C) conspiracy to commit fraud
D) conspiracy against the president
E) any crime committed against the government

14. Choose the best answer.
The ___ Compromise involved the counting of slaves.
A) Great
B) Three-Fifths
C) Colonial
D) Virginia
E) Trade

15. Choose the best answer.
The right to keep and bear arms shall not be ___.
A) infringed
B) added
C) excessive
D) removed
E) uplifted

16. Choose the best answer.
The first President under the Constitution was ___.
A) John Adams
B) Thomas Jefferson
C) Samuel Adams
D) Benjamin Franklin
E) George Washington

17. Choose the best answer.
The Senate is headed by the U. S. ___.
A) Constitution
B) Congress
C) Vice President
D) chief of Staff
E) President

18. Choose the best answer.
After the ratification of the Constitution, a ___ was to be added. charter
A) value
B) banner
C) bill of rights
D) clarification

As citizens grow increasingly wary of whose interests are being represented in the public policy arena, especially in light of recent sensational scandals showing a cozy relationship between professional lobbyists and lawmakers, a crisis of confidence is engulfing many democratic societies across the european and north american continents. public perceptions of undue influence peddling, in which special interest groups exercise too much sway over government for self-serving purposes, have led to growing demands for the regulation of lobbyists and transparency of the policymaking process. the united states and canada have been struggling for decades to refine their systems of lobbyist regulation. of all the shortcomings of the north american model of lobbyist regulation – and there are many – transparency is not, for the most part, one of them. many european countries have also been experimenting with systems of lobbyist regulation. until recently, however, the european national experiments have produced very different results among themselves and in comparison with the north american counterparts. surprisingly, some of the earliest efforts to regulate lobbying occurred among new democratic countries in eastern europe rather than the more advanced industrial democracies of western europe. this observation stands in stark contrast to the north american experience, where lobbyist regulation emerged as an effort to manage a highly developed class of professional lobbyists within the strictures of long-standing democratic principles. the authors find that the answer to this anomaly lies in the fact that early european lobbyist regulations focused not on  transparency  as a means to regain public confidence in government, but on providing business interests with  access  to lawmakers as a means to bolster fledgling economies. this focus on access is quickly giving way to demands for transparency as many european governments, racked by scandal, are striving to salvage the public's trust. propelled largely by example from a reluctant european parliament and commission, which are themselves attempting to convince europe that a regional government is in its own interest, several european countries are beginning to make a transition from weak systems of lobbyist regulation, which emphasize business access, to strong systems of lobbyist regulation, which emphasize public transparency. in order to discern ‘best’ practices for achieving transparency through lobbying regulation, the authors first chart the regulatory systems of the united states and canada. that is followed by an analysis of all of the european lobbying regimes. the oft-expressed objection to this new trend toward transparency in europe – that professional lobbyists view such regulations as overly burdensome – is undercut by research on european and american lobbyists’ attitudes toward regulation, which are generally quite favorable. like everyone else, lobbyists realize that they have an image problem and that the best way to address that problem is by operating in the broad daylight of public transparency. finally, the authors offer recommendations on how to enhance transparency in policymaking, drawing from detailed comparisons of the north american and european models of lobbyist regulation.

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