ira has a problem where he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friend and to damage relationships at work. to reduce the frequency of this behavior, ira wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist .whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he "snaps" himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. this is an example of therapy.

When Ira wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist, and that he uses to "snap" himself with it just hard enough to sting a little bit, he is using aversion therapy. This type of therapy expose the patient to a stimulus  while at the same time, being subjected to some form of discomfort. This is done so that the patient begins to associate the discomfort with his/her own behavior, in order to decrease or completely interrupt such act. In the case of Ira, what aversion therapy would look for, is that Ira would start associating the discomfort of snapping the rubber band against his skin with talking without thinking. And by doing so, he would stop to talk without thinking.

This is an example of aversion therapy

Aversion therapy refers to behavioral therapy that entails repeating pairing an unwanted behavior with discomfort. For instance, a person that wants to stop smoking might receive electrical shock whenever they come in contact or view image of cigarette.  

The main purpose of this therapy is to make individual to connect the unwanted behavior or stimulus with painful or uncomfortable sensations.

Individual undergoing aversion therapy may be asked to engage in the habit they enjoy and at same time, expose them to things that can distract them or something that make them feel unpleasant such as foul smell, bad taste, electric shock etc.

Aversion therapy can be used to treat many kinds of problematic behaviors. Some of these behaviors include:

Aversion therapy is mostly used to treat individual that are addicted to drugs and alcohol. In minor behaviors, aversion therapy technique is also used as self-help strategy. For example, some individual wears elastic band around their waste so as to caution themselves whenever they engage in unwanted behavior. Such individual will snap the elastic in order to create painful sensations.

To some people, aversion therapy is not effective because individual are more likely to return to their unwanted behavior or addictions when they are no longer within the reach of a doctor or a therapist.  

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development:   floodplain development often directly impacts wetlands by removing vegetation (increasing bank erosion),   and filling or draining wetlands for building sites.   floodplain development sometimes indirectly impacts riparian wetlands through the installation of artificial stream stabilizing devices like rip-rap and bulk-heads that attempt to stop the natural meandering process which creates new wetlands and replenishes existing ones.    

road building:   most river valleys have roads and/or railroads.   these structures squeeze rivers and streams by narrowing the floodplain.   this destabilizes the river which   has less room to meander and therefore has an excess of energy.   the roads and railroads also affect drainage from uplands onto the floodplains, and many are built on top of areas that once were wetlands.   such roads often create long, low-quality wetlands upslope of the road by interrupting surface and groundwater flows.   these wetlands can attract wildlife dangerously close to roads.   wetland loss caused by roads is mitigated through the restoration of other impacted wetlands although the replacement wetlands are not always of the same type and quality as those lost. see montana department of transportation's off-site wetland mitigation reserves map.

grazing: overgrazing harms wetlands through soil compaction, removal of vegetation, and stream bank destabilization.   wetlands offer some of the best forage for livestock as well as a water source and cover, so livestock tends to spend a disproportionately large time in wetlands.   there are many grazing strategies that discourage cattle from using wetlands. click on rwrp's web site for a discussion of these strategies.

agriculture:   wetlands often have fairly flat areas of rich organic soil that is highly productive agricultural land if drained.   for this reason many wetlands have been drained and converted to agricultural lands.  

mining: historic mining has had a major impact on wetlands of the clark fork basin, particularly along the upper river where mine wastes have been deposited in the floodplain, creating the country’s largest superfund site. view the superfund site.  

the epa also list the following as major human causes of wetland loss:   logging,   runoff, air and water pollution, introducing nonnative species. see examples of nonnative species here.

the following lists specific damaging actions commonly taken in wetlands.

dumping:   dumping fill material buries hydric soils and effectively lowers the water table so hydrophytic (water loving) plants cannot compete with upland plants.  

            dredging:   the removal of material from a wetland or river bed.   dredging of streams lowers the surrounding water table and dries up adjacent wetlands.

            draining:   water is drained from wetlands by cutting ditches into the ground which collect and transport water out of the wetland.   this lowers the water table and dries out the wetland.    

            diverting flow:   water is diverted around wetlands, lowering the water table.  

            devegetation:   vegetation plays an important role in wetland ecology by removing water through evapotranspiration, altering water and soil chemistry, providing habitat for wildlife, and reducing erosion.   removal of vegetation can drastically and sometimes irreversibly alter wetland function.

            damming flow:   many ponds and reservoirs are constructed on wetlands.   a flooded wetland cannot provide the same habitats and functions.  

            development of springs:   pumping large quantities of water from springs lowers nearby groundwater and can result in the loss of wetland vegetation.   compaction of springs by cattle can cause springs to cease to flow.

explanation:

the boundarys like convergent divergent and transform it causes subduction