Which term best describes cultures that emphasize the importance of knowing oneself, being self-sufficient, and being true to what one wants in life?

These are known as Individualistic Cultures.

In such cultures, there is huge importance on the rights of each person. These include social rights, rights to privacy, business, freedom of expression etc.

In such cultures, the right of one person is as more important than the right of a certain group of people.

Such cultures celebrate the individual life and emphasize the importance of knowing one-self and being self-sufficient.

Most of Western Europe and Northern America is seen as an individualistic culture, where family values are not that strong.

In contrast, Eastern cultures highly emphaize the importance of a collective, group mentality, where family, creed and race are highly celebrated.

the first two-party system consisted of the federalist party, who supported the ratification of the constitution, and the democratic-republican party or the anti-administration party (anti-federalists), who opposed the powerful central government, among others, that the constitution established when it took effect in