When carlos moved to the u. s., he did not understand any english. phrases like "anna mary can pi and i scream class hick" didn't make any sense to him. now that carlos has been learning english, he recognizes that phrase as "an american pie and ice cream classic." this example illustrates that carlos has learned about the of english?

That would be speech segmentation.
Speech segmentation is a term used for both human and machine learning as it refers to the identifying the boundaries in language. That means the used can now identify the boundaries that exists between either phonemes, words or syllables.  This perfectly illustrated in this example with Carlos as he correctly recognizes the phrase "American pie".