Jill wants to know more about how democratic a society is. when she begins her study, she defines the level of democracy as the proportion of people who are able to participate in popular elections. with this definition, jill has the variable "level of democracy."

Jill has operationalized the variable “level of democracy”. Operationalize is being defined as a way of measuring a phenomenon that is not directly measurable. They are likely to define terms of the operations in a way or proving a certain thing in which Jill is demonstrating in the scenario.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

answer; evidence; reverseremand;