Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker cocker spanielspaniel. her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?