Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. a. a return to normal performance levels b. psychological stress c. psychological distress d. changes in normal bodily function

The correct answer would be option D, Changes in the normal bodily functions.

Explanation:

In normal words, Physical dependence is the condition of a person's body who is on high usage of tolerance forming drugs, in which his body experiences unpleasant physical symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

The physical symptoms that appear due to discontinuing of the drug may include diarrhea, cravings, sweating, constipation, seizures, violence, etc.  

So in this question, option D indicates that the physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing the changes in the normal bodily functions like the ones mentioned above, as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

d. changes in normal bodily function

Explanation:

Physical dependence is characterized by the presence of physical symptoms and signs that appear when the individual stops taking the drug or sharply decreases its use, that is, this type of dependence occurs when the user perceives changes in normal body function. The signs and symptoms of physical dependence depend on the type of substance used and appear a few hours or days after it was last consumed.

liverpool, trent alexander arnold

explanation:

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.