When a child hears a loud noise, he cries. the family's dog often barks loudly. each time the child sees the dog, he cries. what is the conditioned response?
a) the dog
b) the loud noise
c) the crying
d) the barking

answer:

the crusades were organized by western european christians after centuries of muslim wars of expansion. their primary objectives were to stop the expansion of muslim states, to reclaim for christianity the holy land in the middle east, and to recapture territories that had formerly been christian.

explanation:

you can literally google this.