(20 points) when joshua went to the doctor for his allergy shot, the doctor rubbed alcohol on his arm, before he gave him his shot, now just the smell of alcohol makes him anxious. this can be explained by:

a: observational learning

b: classical conditioning

c: operant conditioning

d: discrimination

Critics claim that the biological theory of personality may be problematic for research due to which of the following? a. there is already too much theoretical work concerning biological influences on personality. b. biological influences on personality are impossible to scientifically research. c. the biological theory provides little structure to direct or guide research. d. biological theorists have had difficulty establishing supportive research for the biological perspective.