10. Which question is LEAST likely to challenge a psychologist researching the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
How should the data be collected?
When should the evaluation of effectiveness take place?
Whom should be asked about the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
Is there a need for a deeper understanding about the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

it would take 95 years for that supernova to be visible on earth, so the year would be about 2113. i hope i did my calculation right.

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.