What was the social and religious background of the reformation?

Reformation was a theological movement in 16th century Europe to reform the Catholic Christianity. Luther, Calvin and Zwingli questioned the authority of dogma and supremacy of the pope in Rome. This led to the formation of hundreds of sects in Western Christianity. Salvation was sought outside the church.

Explanation:

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the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.