Refer to the two sources. Source 1

A 2-column table with 5 rows titled Gold Production in Transvaal Region of Africa, 1895 to 1899. Column 1 is labeled Year with entries 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899. Column 2 is labeled Total Gold Production (in ounces) with entries 2,277,640; 2,828,175; 3,034,674; 4,555,009; 3,193,777.

Source 2

"Few countries have a soil more amply mineralised; but the sparse population, mainly absorbed in the quest of one mineral, has done little to exploit its wealth. Mining, save for gold and coal, is still in the Transvaal a thing of the future. . . . Timber in an inland mining country is a valuable product, and on the soil of the high veld new plantations spring up like mushrooms. Ten feet a-year is the common rate of growth for gums, and in the warmer tracts it is nearer twenty. Many indigenous South African trees, which a few years ago, under an unwise system of timber concessions, were disappearing from most places save a few sequestered glens in the north, might under proper care become a lucrative branch of forestry. Current estimates, rough and inaccurate as they must be, are the fruit of a very general conviction, which on the broadest basis is amply supported by facts. There is sufficient natural wealth—mineral, pastoral, and agricultural—to provide a sound industrial foundation for the new States. It is only on the details of its exploitation that experts differ."

John Buchan, a scholar, describing the variety of natural resources in South Africa at the turn of the 20th century

In which of the following ways did African states, such as the Transvaal, contribute to the emergence of a global economy?

By creating local industrial hubs that manufactured raw materials for colonial governments in Europe
By providing colonial governments with the raw materials needed to sustain industrialization in Europe
By establishing wealthy empires that dominated seafaring trade networks connecting Europe with East Asian markets
By encouraging colonial governments to adopt local shipping innovations that helped them reach wider markets in India