Refer to the passage. "All the scientific resources of Germany have apparently been brought into play to produce a gas of so virulent and poisonous a nature that any human being brought into contact with it is first paralyzed and then meets with a lingering and agonizing death.”

Sir John French, commander in chief of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 1915

Which of the following was a consequence of the German action described in the passage, as well as events like the invasion of Belgium, following World War I?

The idea that Germans were incapable of governing themselves and should be ruled by the Allies
The notion of a pan-European government that would supersede national boundaries and end war
The perception that Germans were aggressors and should be punished harshly
The belief that monarchies had been the cause of Europe’s destruction and were obsolete