1. What is “the expanding circle”? Explain what the title means. 2. Singer argues for both a biologically-based and a rationally-based ethics. How does he do this? Explain.

3. Singer argues that reason can help move us beyond the dictates of our genes. How does he do this? Explain.

4. Singer ties together biology, reason, egoism, and utilitarianism. How does he do this? Explain.

5. Singer argues that altruism serves as a biological basis for ethics. What does he mean by this? Discuss types of altruism and how they serve as the basis of ethics.

6. Singer uses Kohlberg's developmental theory and Westermarck's theory to support his own theory. What are these theories and how do they support his theory?