Refer to the map. Map of Mongol Empire, 13th century. The Mongol Empire is labeled. A key notes Land under rule of the Mongol Empire is shaded.

Which of the following best reflects how the invasion of the Mongol Empire and rule under the Pax Mongolica affected the Islamic world in the 13th century?

The Mongol invasion of the Middle East exposed the population to the variety of religions tolerated under the Pax Mongolica, leading to the decline of religious rule in much of the region.
The Mongol invasion of the Middle East disrupted Dar-al-Islam; however, many Mongol leaders embraced the principles of Islam and converted.
The Mongol invasion of the Middle East opened new avenues of trade and scholarship, initiating a period of unprecedented innovation in technology and medical research.
The Mongol invasion of the Middle East initiated a period of conflict between the Mongol Empire and the Islamic world, marked by garrisoned cities and forced tribute.