Tramroads were iron rail tracks that used horse-drawn wagons to carry loads of coal from the mines to the ports at Cardiff and Newport. 1. Identify a major 19th century economic transformation that can be connected to the details shared in this map. 2. Explain the role that canals played in helping England become the first nation to undergo this major historical transformation. 3. Identify an important non-western country that also experienced a similar transformation.

"almost every year, from 1581 onward, the mariners of the netherlands strove, by east and by west, to pass the barrier that america interposed between them and the eastern trade they coveted … they would not be hurried; they took their time to think it over, as dutchmen will; but at length they conceived an immense project for acquiring all the trade, or the best part of it, of both the west and the east … in 1609, quite inadvertently, henry hudson discovered it … received a visit from some indians with native commodities to exchange for knives and beads … they were affable, but untrustworthy, stealing what they could lay their hands on, and a few days later shooting arrows at a boatload of seamen from the ship, and killing one john colman. hudson went ashore, and was honored with dances and chants; upon the whole, the impression mutually created seems to have been favorable."—julian hawthorne, from the history of the united states from 1492 to 1910, v1 which of the following is an example of how the english interacted differently than the dutch in regards to american indians? the english had the best and most enduring relationships with american indians. the english introduced slavery of american indians and africans. the english saw american indians as trade partners and allies. the english saw american indians as obstacles to profiting from the new land.