Differing methods of early modern era leaders to establish authority

According to anthony platt, author of the child savers: the invention of delinquency, the progressives were not children, but denying them what?

The purpose of a preliminary hearing in juvenile court isa-to determine if there is a probable cause to proceed with trialb-to determine if the juvenile will be a detailed pending trialc- to appoint counsel for the juvenile defendant d-to impose sentencing

Suppose you are making a map of stars around the sun, and you draw earth 1 cm from the sun on your map. the brightest star in the night sky is 8.6 light-years from the sun. on your map, how far would you place that star from the sun?