When colleen first learned the word “ominous,” she pictured a large, dark cloud to her remember its meaning. which term best describes this example?

This is called visual imagery. it is a memorization technique wherein an idea or a term is associated with an image, this in remembering ideas, especially as humans are very visual learners. this is also why visual aids a lot for memory retention.

The shaping always moves forward. even if the progress breaks down you have to take a step back before moving forward again but there is no such thing as backward shaping

Answer/runoff from agricultural feedlots