E. c. tolman states that individuals are able to find physical locations because

Because of cognitive maps

Explanation:

Tolman coined the term cognitive which is an internal image of the outside environment. His idea was that people use signals from the environment and by using these signals they can build a map to orient themselves in it. He demonstrated this with rats where the rats that had the delayed reward learned the maze and performed even better when the reward was introduced. The rats who had a reward every day performed better than the rats with no reward but still worse than the rats that started getting their reward after the 10th day.

chemicals, posion.

are some basics

to answer your question:

f(x)= a^x.  if x=0, f(x)=1  if x=1, f(x)=a  if x=1, f(x)=a^a